深圳社会科学

公益诉讼案件范围的识别与界定是社会组织和检察机关提起公益诉讼以及法院受理公益诉讼案件的先决问题,是公益诉讼制度设计的核心问题,涉及到诉讼法和实体法诸多方面。从我国立法和实践来看,公益诉讼案件范围总的方向是不断地扩大,但是,现有立法的规定与其说是公益诉讼案件范围的规定,倒不如说是公益诉讼案件领域。然而,无论从立法还是司法层面分析,现有的公益诉讼案件范围还是过于狭窄,而且,检察公益诉讼案件范围与社会组织公益诉讼案件范围不统一。消费公益诉讼的案件范围在扩大与限缩之间摇摆。这些问题严重束缚了公益诉讼制度功能的充分发挥。为了便于社会组织和检察机关更加有效开展公益诉讼,非常有必要及时反思我国公益诉讼案件范围的现有局限,分析公益诉讼案件范围拓展的理由,探讨公益诉讼案件范围拓展的方法。通过比较不同立法模式,发现列举肯定加"等"外概括的立法模式不合理,应当采取概括肯定加列举否定的立法模式。这种立法模式首先通过原则性概括方式对案件范围作出一般性规定,然后以否定方式将不予受理的具体事项作出明确列举,对于不予受理的具体事项不得以等外的形式任意扩大解释,只要不在不予受理的具体列举的其他公益案件,就当然属于公益诉讼案件范围。

Identifying and defining the case scope of public interest litigation is the prerequisite for social organizations and procuratorial organs to file public interest litigation and for courts to accept such cases.It is also the core to design public interest litigation system,involving many aspects of procedural law and substantive law.However,no matter in terms of the legislation or the judicial practice,the case scope of public interest litigation is still too narrow,which seriously fetters the function of public interest litigation system.Therefore,it is necessary to reflect on the current limitations of the case scope,analyze the reasons,and discuss the methods for expanding it.By comparing different legislative models,it is found that the mode of positive list plus "etc" is unreasonable.Thus,the mode of generalization plus negative list should be adopted,which provides general provisions on the case scope by generalization and list the specific matters that will not be accepted by the court.The specific matters not to be accepted by the court shall not be interpreted arbitrarily in the form of "etc".As long as cases are not specifically listed as unaccepted,they are naturally within the acceptable case scope.